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Effect of light scattering on the performance of a direct absorption solar collector

Kwang Hyun WON, Bong Jae LEE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 169-177 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0527-5

摘要： Recently, a solar thermal collector often employs nanoparticle suspension to absorb the solar radiation directly by a working fluid as well as to enhance its thermal performance. The collector efficiency of a direct absorption solar collector (DASC) is very sensitive to optical properties of the working fluid, such as absorption and scattering coefficients. Most of the existing studies have neglected particle scattering by assuming that the size of nanoparticle suspension is much smaller than the wavelength of solar radiation (i.e., Rayleigh scattering is applicable). If the nanoparticle suspension is made of metal, however, the scattering cross-section of metallic nanoparticles could be comparable to their absorption cross-section depending on the particle size, especially when the localized surface plasmon (LSP) is excited. Therefore, for the DASC utilizing a plasmonic nanofluid supporting the LSP, light scattering from metallic particle suspension must be taken into account in the thermal analysis. The present study investigates the scattering effect on the thermal performance of the DASC employing plasmonic nanofluid as a working fluid. In the analysis, the Monte Carlo method is employed to numerically solve the radiative transfer equation considering the volume scattering inside the nanofluid. It is found that the light scattering can improve the collector performance if the scattering coefficient of nanofluid is carefully engineered depending on its value of the absorption coefficient.

关键词： direct absorption solar collector plasmonic nanofluid light scattering

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grown TiN/N-TiO composite for enhanced photocatalytic H evolution activity

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期页码 721-731 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0766-8

摘要： Titanium nitride (TiN) decorated N-doped titania (N-TiO₂) composite (TiN/N-TiO₂) is fabricated via an in situ nitridation using a hydrothermally synthesized TiO₂ and melamine (MA) as raw materials. After the optimization of the reaction condition, the resultant TiN/N-TiO₂ composite delivers a hydrogen evolution activity of up to 703 μmol/h under the full spectrum irradiation of Xe-lamp, which is approximately 2.6 and 32.0 times more than that of TiO₂ and TiN alone, respectively. To explore the underlying photocatalytic mechanism, the crystal phase, morphology, light absorption, energy band structure, element composition, and electrochemical behavior of the composite material are characterized and analyzed. The results indicate that the superior activity is mainly caused by the in situ formation of plasmonic TiN and N-TiO₂ with intimate interface contact, which not only extends the spectral response range, but also accelerates the transfer and separation of the photoexcited hot charge carrier of TiN. The present study provides a fascinating approach to in situ forming nonmetallic plasmonic material/N-doped TiO₂ composite photocatalysts for high-efficiency water splitting.

关键词： photocatalytic H₂ evolution TiN/N-TiO₂ composite plasmonic effect in-situ nitridation

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基于超构表面等离激元透镜的高速并行近场直写纳米光刻系统 Article

胡跃强, 李苓, 王榕, 宋剑, 王鸿栋, 段辉高, 纪佳馨, 孟永钢

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第11期页码 1623-1630 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.019

摘要：

具有简单、高效、低成本和高灵活性等特点的纳米加工技术在纳米尺度基础研究和原型验证中不可或缺。研究已证明，采用表面等离激元的近场光刻技术（即等离激元光刻）是一种有前景的解决方案。基于高速旋转基底上高刚度被动纳米间隙控制的加工系统是其中一种高效率加工方案。但是，为了研发出新一代具有高分辨率且可靠高效的纳米加工技术，需要探索一种更小更稳定的纳米间隙和新型等离激元透镜及其并行加工方案。因此，本文设计了一套并行等离激元直写纳米光刻系统。该系统应用了新型等离子浮动磁头，当转速为8~18 m⋅s⁻¹时，其最小飞行高度可实现15 nm并且具有高平行度。本文还研制了一种多级的基于超构表面的偏振不敏感等离激元透镜。与传统的等离激元透镜相比，该透镜耦合的功率更大，焦点的范围更集中。该原型系统实现了约26 nm最小线宽的纳米结构并行光刻。该系统有望应用于高自由级、低成本的纳米加工技术，如平面光学元件和纳米机电系统。

关键词：纳米加工表面等离激元光刻等离子体飞行头超构表面

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Plasmonic Au nanoparticles supported on both sides of TiO2 hollow spheres for maximising photocatalytic

Jianwei Lu, Lan Lan, Xiaoteng Terence Liu, Na Wang, Xiaolei Fan

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 665-671 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1815-2

摘要： A strategy of intensifying the visible light harvesting ability of anatase TiO hollow spheres (HSs) was developed, in which both sides of TiO HSs were utilised for stabilising Au nanoparticles (NPs) through the sacrificial templating method and convex surface-induced confinement. The composite structure of single Au NP yolk-TiO shell-Au NPs, denoted as Au@Au(TiO , was rendered and confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy analysis. Au@Au(TiO showed enhanced photocatalytic activity in the degradation of methylene blue and phenol in aqueous phase under visible light surpassing that of other reference materials such as Au(TiO by 77% and Au@P25 by 52%, respectively, in phenol degradation.

关键词： TiO₂ hollow spheres plasmonic Au nanoparticles confinement visible light photocatalytic degradation

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From plasma to plasmonics: toward sustainable and clean water production through membranes

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第12期页码 1809-1836 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2339-3

摘要： The increasing demand for potable water is never-ending. Freshwater resources are scarce and stress is accumulating on other alternatives. Therefore, new technologies and novel optimization methods are developed for the existing processes. Membrane-based processes are among the most efficient methods for water treatment. Yet, membranes suffer from severe operational problems, namely fouling and temperature polarization. These effects can harm the membrane’s permeability, permeate recovery, and lifetime. To mitigate such effects, membranes can be treated through two techniques: plasma treatment (a surface modification technique), and treatment through the use of plasmonic materials (surface and bulk modification). This article showcases plasma- and plasmonic-based treatments in the context of water desalination/purification. It aims to offer a comprehensive review of the current developments in membrane-based water treatment technologies along with suggested directions to enhance its overall efficiency through careful selection of material and system design. Moreover, basic guidelines and strategies are outlined on the different membrane modification techniques to evaluate its prerequisites. Besides, we discuss the challenges and future developments about these membrane modification methods.

关键词： water treatment membrane-based process plasma treatment plasma polymerization plasmonic light-to-heat conversion

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Plasmonic light trapping for enhanced light absorption in film-coupled ultrathin metamaterial thermophotovoltaic

Qing NI, Hassan ALSHEHRI, Yue YANG, Hong YE, Liping WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 185-194 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0522-x

摘要： Ultrathin cells have gained increasing attention due to their potential for reduced weight, reduced cost and increased flexibility. However, the light absorption in ultrathin cells is usually very weak compared to the corresponding bulk cells. To achieve enhanced photon absorption in ultrathin thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells, this work proposed a film-coupled metamaterial structure made of nanometer-thick gallium antimonide (GaSb) layer sandwiched by a top one-dimensional (1D) metallic grating and a bottom metal film. The spectral normal absorptance of the proposed structure was calculated using the rigorous coupled-wave algorithm (RCWA) and the absorption enhancement was elucidated to be attributed to the excitations of magnetic polariton (MP), surface plasmon polariton (SPP), and Fabry-Perot (FP) resonance. The mechanisms of MP, SPP, and FP were further confirmed by an inductor-capacitor circuit model, dispersion relation, and phase shift, respectively. Effects of grating period, width, spacer thickness, as well as incidence angle were discussed. Moreover, short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, output electric power, and conversion efficiency were evaluated for the ultrathin GaSb TPV cell with a film-coupled metamaterial structure. This work will facilitate the development of next-generation low-cost ultrathin infrared TPV cells.

关键词： metamaterial thermophotovoltaic plasmonics light trapping selective absorption

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Analysis of effect of different construction methods of piles on the end effect on skin friction of piles

ZHOU Hongbo, CHEN Zhuchang

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第4期页码 458-463 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0062-7

摘要： Based on the comparative analysis of end effect on skin friction of displacement-pile (driven pile), the end effect on skin friction of bored pile is studied. The end effect on skin friction between driven pile and bored pile is different and the end effect on skin friction of bored pile is reduce of skin friction in the soil layer adjacent to the pile end. The degradation degree of skin friction is deduced with the increase of the distance from pile end. The concept of additional mud cake formed by the effect of cushion at the bottom of borehole during pouring concrete is introduced to explain the mechanism of end effect on skin friction of the bored pile. The test results of post-grouting piles indicate that the post-grouting technique is an effective way to improve the end effect on skin friction of bored pile.

关键词： distance different concept additional bottom

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A review on different theoretical models of electrocaloric effect for refrigeration

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第4期页码 478-503 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0884-6

摘要： The performance parameters for characterizing the electrocaloric effect are isothermal entropy change and the adiabatic temperature change, respectively. This paper reviews the electrocaloric effect of ferroelectric materials based on different theoretical models. First, it provides four different calculation scales (the first-principle-based effective Hamiltonian, the Landau-Devonshire thermodynamic theory, phase-field simulation, and finite element analysis) to explain the basic theory of calculating the electrocaloric effect. Then, it comprehensively reviews the recent progress of these methods in regulating the electrocaloric effect and the generation mechanism of the electrocaloric effect. Finally, it summarizes and anticipates the exploration of more novel electrocaloric materials based on the framework constructed by the different computational methods.

关键词： electrocaloric effect effective Hamiltonian phase-field modeling different theoretical models

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A new miniaturized engine based on thermomagnetic effect of magnetic fluids

Lujun ZHOU, Yimin XUAN, Qiang LI, Wenlei LIAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 160-166 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0018-9

摘要： A new engine system, essentially consisting of a permanent NdFeB magnet, a kerosene-based magnetic fluid and a rotor, is proposed based on the thermomagnetic effect of a temperature-sensitive magnetic fluid. The rotor was driven by the thermal convection of the magnetic fluid in the presence of a homogeneous external magnetic field. A digital camera was used to record the rotation speed of the rotor to investigate the performance of the engine system under varying conditions such as heat load, heat sink temperature, and magnetic field distribution. The peak angle velocity obtained for the rotor was about 2.1 rad/min. The results illustrate that the rotation speed of the rotor increases as the input heat load increases, or as the heat sink temperature decreases. The performance of the motor is considerably influenced by the magnetic field imposed. Therefore, the performance of such an engine can be controlled conveniently by changing the external magnetic field and/or the temperature distribution in the fluid.

关键词： magnetic fluid thermomagnetic effect engine

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The cooperation effect of Ni and Pt in the hydrogenation of acetic acid

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第3期页码 397-407 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2076-4

摘要： The catalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acid to alcohols is one of the important strategies for the conversion of biomass. Herein, a series of Ni-doped PtSn catalysts were prepared, characterized and studied in the hydrogenation of acetic acid. The Ni dopant has a strong interaction with Pt, which promotes the hydrogen adsorption, providing an activated hydrogen-rich environment for the hydrogenation. Meanwhile, the presence of Ni also improves the Pt dispersion, giving more accessible active sites for hydrogen activation. The cooperation of Pt and Ni significantly promotes the catalytic activity of the hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol. As a result, the catalyst with 0.1% Ni exhibits the best reaction activity, and its space time yield is twice as that of the PtSn/SiO₂ catalyst. It provides a meaningful instruction on the catalyst design for the carboxylic acid hydrogenation.

关键词： acetic acid ethanol hydrogenation Pt Ni cooperation effect

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Direct energy rebound effect for road transportation in China

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 597-611 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0276-y

摘要： The enhancement of energy efficiency stands as the principal avenue for attaining energy conservation and emissions reduction objectives within the realm of road transportation. Nevertheless, it is imperative to acknowledge that these objectives may, in part or in entirety, be offset by the phenomenon known as the energy rebound effect (ERE). To quantify the long-term EREs and short-term EREs specific to China’s road transportation, this study employed panel cointegration and panel error correction models, accounting for asymmetric price effects. The findings reveal the following: The long-term EREs observed in road passenger transportation and road freight transportation range from 13% to 25% and 14% to 48%, respectively; in contrast, the short-term EREs in road passenger transportation and road freight transportation span from 36% to 41% and 3.9% to 32%, respectively. It is noteworthy that the EREs associated with road passenger transportation and road freight transportation represent a partial rebound effect, falling short of reaching the magnitude of a counterproductive backfire effect. This leads to the inference that the upsurge in energy consumption within the road transportation sector cannot be solely attributed to advancements in energy efficiency. Instead, various factors, including income levels, the scale of commodity trade, and industrial structure, exert more substantial facilitating influences. Furthermore, the escalation of fuel prices fails to dampen the demand for energy services, whether in the domain of road passenger transportation or road freight transportation. In light of these conclusions, recommendations are proffered for the formulation of energy efficiency policies pertinent to road transportation.

关键词： road transportation direct energy rebound effect asymmetric price effects panel data model

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Photoaging mechanism of microplastics: a perspective on the effect of dissolved organic matter in natural

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第11期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1743-8

摘要：

● Microplastics (MPs) undergo photoaging in natural water under light irradiation.

关键词： Microplastics Photoaging Dissolved organic matter ROS generation

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Modeling analysis on solar steam generator employed in multi-effect distillation (MED) system

Zhaorui ZHAO, Bao YANG, Ziwen XING

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期页码 193-203 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0608-0

摘要： Recently the porous bilayer wood solar collectors have drawn increasing attention because of their potential application in solar desalination. In this paper, a thermodynamic model has been developed to analyze the performance of the wood solar collector. A modeling analysis has also been conducted to assess the performance and operating conditions of the multiple effect desalination (MED) system integrated with the porous wood solar collector. Specifically, the effects of operating parameters, such as the motive steam temperature, seawater flow rate, input solar energy and number of effects on the energy consumption for each ton of distilled water produced have been investigated in the MED desalination system combined with the bilayer wood solar steam generator. It is found that, under a given operating condition, there exists an optimum steam generation temperature of around 145°C in the wood solar collector, so that the specific power consumption in the MED system reaches a minimum value of 24.88 kWh/t. The average temperature difference is significantly affected by the solar heating capacity. With the solar capacity increasing from 50 kW to 230 kW, the average temperature difference increases from 1.88°C to 6.27°C. This parametric simulation study will help the design of efficient bilayer wood solar steam generator as well as the MED desalination system.

关键词： solar energy steam generating multi-effect desalination

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十二系列叔胺捕收剂对高岭石的浮选研究

曹学锋,刘长淼,胡岳华

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第1期页码 93-97

摘要：

研究4种十二取代叔胺（DRN，DEN，DPN和DBN）对高岭石的浮选行为。发现4种叔胺对高岭石的浮选捕收能力都较好，其中DEN最好，浮选回收率最高可达92 %以上。4种叔胺主要依靠静电引力吸附在高岭石表面，在酸性pH范围内，浮选高岭石的回收率较高，随着pH的增大，叔胺的阳离子组分减少，使得浮选回收率下降。Zeta电位研究表明，高岭石在整个pH范围内，表面主要带负电，4种叔胺与高岭石作用后，能显著增加高岭石的Zeta电位。红外光谱研究表面，4种叔胺主要与高岭石表面发生了电性作用的物理吸附。叔胺中N原子上的取代基的给电子效应和空间位阻效应是造成 4 种叔胺浮选能力差异的主要原因。

关键词：叔胺高岭石浮选静电作用电子效应空间效应

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Phase transition regulation and caloric effect

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第4期页码 463-477 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0860-1

摘要： Solid state refrigeration based on caloric effect is regarded as a potential candidate for replacing vapor-compression refrigeration. Numerous methods have been proposed to optimize the refrigeration properties of caloric materials, of which single field tuning as a relatively simple way has been systemically studied. However, single field tuning with few tunable parameters usually obtains an excellent performance in one specific aspect at the cost of worsening the performance in other aspects, like attaining a large caloric effect with narrowing the transition temperature range and introducing hysteresis. Because of the shortcomings of the caloric effect driven by a single field, multifield tuning on multicaloric materials that have a coupling between different ferro-orders came into view. This review mainly focuses on recent studies that apply this method to improve the cooling performance of materials, consisting of enlarging caloric effects, reducing hysteresis losses, adjusting transition temperatures, and widening transition temperature spans, which indicate that further progress can be made in the application of this method. Furthermore, research on the sign of lattice and spin contributions to the magnetocaloric effect found new phonon evolution mechanisms, calling for more attention on multicaloric effects. Other progress including improving cyclability of FeRh alloys by introducing second phases and realizing a large reversible barocaloric effect by hybridizing carbon chains and inorganic groups is described in brief.

关键词： phase transition regulation caloric effect solid state refrigeration